Background: Hemodynamic optimization of unstable patients by means of fluid resuscitation improves patient outcome, but choosing the correct amount of fluid can be difficult.Too little fluid may not ensure adequate perfusion whereas too much fluid is associated with increased mortality.Static parameters are not sufficiently sensitive to detect a re

BACKGROUND:Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a well-established risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.More recently, OSA has been implicated as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease.Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a well-accepted early biomarker of subclinical kidney tubu